TeX

The non-unicode TeX only recognizes 256 characters that are categorized into the followings.

• TeX primitive \catcode[<decimal ascii code>|'<octal>|"<hexadecimal>|`<char>]=<catcode> to set the category code henceforth
  • `<char> is likely to be taking the character code of the <char>

The exact token value varies depending on the implementation.

• Character Token: 256 * category code + character (ASCII) code
• Command Token: curcs (current control sequence) + 4095 (256 * 16 - 1)
  • Control Word: curcs = hash(character codes)
    • Escape character + sequence of character with category code 11.
  • Control Symbol: curcs = character code + 256 + 1
    • Escape character + a character with category code other than 11.
  • Active Character: curcs = character coide + 1

The original string of the control sequence is stored during the hashing process into the string pool in order to provide the human readable name on debugging or \string.

The cursc is used to look up for command code and modifier in the equivalents table in which the eq_level the level of grouping, eq_type the command code, and equiv the command modifier are stored.

• The command code specifies the functionality group of commands and modifier then specifies the exact command.
  • Type 1 modifier is an index of the command
  • Type 2 modifier is an memory address for the macro definition, and more.
• The command code and modifier for current command is stored in the variable curcmd and curchr.

• Non-expandable Command: Command codes less than or equal to 100
• Expandable Command: Command code greater than 100
  • e.g. macros, \csname, \expandafter, \the

Token list is created typically when a macro is defined.

• Token list can also be explicitly created in register N:
  • \toksdef<command token>=N and <command token>={<tokens>}
  • \toksN={<tokens>}

• Macro
  • \def<cs><parameters>{<replacement>} the braces are not used for grouping.
  • \long\def to include \par as part of parameter
  • \outer\def to prevent the usage within other macros, mostly due to the category code pollution.
  • \global\def to define the macro globally, as the macro is group scoped by default.
• Character
  • \chardef<cs>=<character code> define the <cs> to represent the character.
  • \mathchardef<cs>="kfab where k is the atom type, f is the math group (font family), ab is the slot in the font.
    • "kfab is called the math code of the math character.
    • Escape is needed for \mathcode`\<char>

• \parbox[pos][height][contentpos]{width}{text} sets the position of a paragraph
• \makebox[width][pos]{text} controls the underlying width. \mbox{text} for short.
• \framebox[width][pos]{text} frames the box. \fbox{text} for short.

• \color{<color>}
  • Package: color, xcolor
  • Set global color.
• \textcolor{<color>}{<text>}

• D'Alembertian
  • It is not defined. Here's the formula from stack exchange

% Preamble
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}

\makeatletter
\newcommand{\dalembertian}{\mathop{\mathpalette\dalembertian@\relax}}
\newcommand{\dalembertian@}[2]{%
  \begingroup
  \sbox\z@{$\m@th#1\square$}%
  \dimen0=\fontdimen8
    \ifx#1\displaystyle\textfont\else
    \ifx#1\textstyle\textfont\else
    \ifx#1\scriptstyle\scriptfont\else
    \scriptscriptfont\fi\fi\fi3
  \makebox[\wd\z@]{%
    \hbox to \ht\z@{%
      \vrule width \dimen0
      \kern-\dimen0
      \vbox to \ht\z@{
        \hrule height \dimen0 width \ht\z@
        \vss
        \hrule height 2\dimen0
      }%
      \kern-2.5\dimen0
      \vrule width 2.5\dimen0
    }%
  }%
  \endgroup
}
\makeatother

• Options:
  • h: Here. Approximately where it occurs in the source.
  • t: Top. At the top of the page.
  • b: Bottom. At the bottom of the page.
  • p: Page. On an isolated page.
  • !: Override internal parameters.
  • H: Here. Precisely where it occurs in the source. Somewhat equivalent to h!.
    • Provided by the float package.
• Content
• Environment: subfigure
  • Content
  • \caption
  • \label
• \caption
• \label

• \multirow{n}{width}{text}
  • set width to * for the natural width
• \multicolumn{n}{format}{text}

- =format is same as for the tabular

• \coordinate (<name>) at <coord>;
• \draw[<options>] <coord> <pathop> {<pathop> ..};: Make strokes.
  • Options
    • ->: Arrow tip
    • red, blue, orange, …
    • thick, very thick
    • dashed
• \fill[<color>, <options>] ...;
• \filldraw[fill=<color>, draw=<color>, <options>] ...;
• \shade[<options>] ...;
  • top color=<color>, bottom color=<color>
  • left color=<color>, right color=<color>
  • inner color=<color>, outer color=<color>
  • ball color=<color>
• \node (<name>) at <coord> [<options>]{<text>}; <coord> node[<options>] (<name>) {<text>}
  • [<options>] and (<name>) can be omitted.

• (<xdim>, <ydim>)
  • When the unit is not given it is assumed to be cm.
• (<and>:<rdim>)
  • Polar form

• (<name>)

  • Center of the node, or its anchors. Anchors are defined by

  the node itself.

  • Anchors
    • left center right up down
    • north east north east … n e s w
      • It is not a relative direction, the anchor is defined by

  the component.

  • <angle>
    • The angle as in the polar coordinate
  • e.g. C, C.in
• +<coord> is relative position to the previous specified point.
• ++<coord> is also relative position but it sets the current point the new specified point.

• Mathematical expression can be within the coordinates: (1,{tan(30)}).

  • Note that braces are necessary whenever the expression

  contains paranthesis.

• (<p> |- <q>)

  • <p> and <q> are <name> or the <xdim>,<ydim> and

  such.

  • <p> can also be calculated using calc: {$(A)!.5!(B)$}

• -- <coord>: Straight line
  • -- cycle: Close the loop.
• circle[radius=<dim>]
• ellipse[x radius=<dim>, y radius=<dim>]
• rectangle <coord>
• [step=<dim>] grid <coord>
• arc[start angle=<ang>, end angle=<ang>, radius=<dim>]
• .. controls <coord> and <coord> ..

• node <at <coord>> [<options>] {<text>}

  • anchor: Position of the path the node is attached to.
    • north south east west
    • center: Center the boxes.
    • base: Center the baseline.
    • mid: Center the half-x-height.
  • above below left right: Position of the node with

  respect to the path.

  • pos=<fraction>: Place node within of a path.
    • midway: Same as pos=0.5.
  • auto=<direction>: The position is automatically

  calculated.

  • swap: Reverse left and right in automatic placement.
  • sloped: The node rotate to match the tangent line of the

  path.

• plot[<options>]

  • coordinates {<coord>, ..}
  • file {<filename>}
    • The file needs to be separated by spaces and newlines.

  Gnuplot set table produces this.

  • <coordinate expression>
    • (\x, {sin(\x r)})
    • It can contain variables and mathematical expressions.
    • Variable \x is provided by default.
    • /tikz/variable=<macro> /tikz/samples=<num>,

  /tikz/domain=<start>:<end>, /tikz/samples at=<sample list>

  • /tikz/smooth: Use Bezier curve to interpolate points.

• \tikz[<options>], \begin{tikzpicture}[<options>] ... \end{tikzpicture}
  • The TikZ command
  • color=<color>
    • It sets the color of the text and draw.

• \tikzset{options}

  • The name is checked in order: <key>, /tikz/<key>,

  /pgf/<key>, color=<key>, arrows=<key>, shape=<key>, error.

  • With few exceptions?
  • <name>/.style={<options>}

  <name>/.append style={<options>}: Set styles for specific elements

  • Curly braces can be omitted for a single option.

• scope Environment

  • Apply the option set by \tikzset to every objects within

  the environment: \begin{scope}[<options>] ... \end{scope}.

\usetikzlibrary{<library>} for TikZ, or \usepgflibrary{<library>} for pgf

• decorations Set the decoration globally and use it with decorate local option
  • decorations.pathmorphing
    • straight zigzag, random steps, saw, zigzag, bent, bump, coil, snake
  • decorations.pathreplacing
    • border, brace, expanding wave, ticks
  • decorations.markings
    • markings
      • mark connection node = <node name> (the node is defined by mark)
      • mark = at position <pos> with <code>
      • mark = between positions <start pos> and <end pos> step <stepping> with <code>
  • decorations.footprints
  • decorations.shapes
    • crosses, triangles
    • shape width, shape height, shape size, shape, anchor, shape sep, …
  • decorations.text
    • text along path
      • text, text color, text align
      • text effects
        • every word, word separator, …
  • decorations.fractals

• \usepackage[<options>]{circuitikz} \begin{circuitikz}[<options>]
  • american european
  • siunitx
    • Label with units
      • e.g. 1<\kilo\ohm>, $\SI{1}{\kilo\ohm}$
  • voltage dir
    • voltage dir=RP RPvoltages
      • Rising Potential Voltages
      • The manual itself is typeset with this.
    • voltage dir=EF EFvoltages
      • Electric Field Voltages
    • voltage dir=old oldvoltagedirection
    • voltage dir=noold nooldvoltagedirection
    • See the manual p. 196.
• \ctikzset{<options>}
  • Both global and local command
  • logic ports=ieee: ieeestd version of the logic gates.
    • american european ieeestd versions exists
  • logic ports/fill=<color>

• <coord> to[<name>=<label>, <options>] <coord>
• Name
  • short
  • resistor or R
    • R=$R_1$ to label it.
  • rmeter: Unspecified Meter
    • t=A to add a symbol in the middle.

• Options

  • o- *- o-o o-* *-* …
  • l_=<label> l2_=<line1> and <line2>
    • =_=(right, down), or =^=(left, up) to control which side

  the label lies.

  • l2 valign={l|c|r} l2 halign={b|c|t}
  • a a2 annotation, in addition to the label

• and port or port nand port nor port xor port not port buffer port

  • Anchors
    • in 1 in 2 bin 1 bin 2 out bout body left

  body right

  • b is for body, while it is the outermost parts without

  b or body.

  • Options
    • fill
• dipchip Dual-in-Line Package chip pin N, bpin N is the anchor name.
  • num pins=NUM
  • hide numbers
  • external pins width=N
• circleinv the inversion circle for a chip pin.
• seven segment
  • val=1 it can be alphanumerical character and few symbols.
  • bits=0110011 set each segment from a(the top) to g(the middle).
  • dot on/off the decimal point
  • box on/off the bounding box
• op amp
  • Anchors: +, -, up, down, out

• tkzPointResult, or tkzPointFirstResult and tkzPointSecondResult refers to the returned points of some macro. \tkzGetPoint{<ref>}, \tkzGetPoints{<ref1>}{<ref2>}, or \tkzGetFirstPoint{<ref1>} and \tkzGetSecondPoint{<ref2>} are used to store them.
• Point
  • \tkzDefPoint[<options>](<x,y>){<ref>} or (<a:d>){<ref>} Define a point
    • The reference can contain subscript using _
    • \tkzDefShiftPoint[<point>](<x,y>){<ref>} or (<a:d>){<ref>}
    • \tkzDefPoint[<options>]{<x1/y1/n1,x2/y2/n2,...>}
  • \tkzDefMidPoint(<pt1,pt2>) -> pt
  • \tkzDefBarycentricPoint(<pt1=a1,pt2=a2,...>) -> pt
  • \tkzInterLL(<A,B>)(<C,D>) -> pt intersection of two lines
  • \tkzInterLC[<options>](<A,B>)(<O,C>) or (<O,r>) or (O,C,D) -> pt1,pt2 intersection of line and circle
    • N, R, with nodes respectively
  • \tkzInterCC[<options>](<O,A>)(<O',A'>) or (<O,r>)(<O',r'>) or (<O,A,B>)(<O',C,D>) -> pt1,pt2 intersection of two circles
• Circle
  • \tkzDefCircle[<options>](<A,B>) or (<A,B,C>)
    • R center and radius, diameter two points on diameter, circum triangle, in triangle, ex triangle, …

• Point
  • \tkzDrawPoint[<options>](<name>)
  • \tkzDrawPoints[<options>](<list>)
• Line
  • \tkzDrawLine[<options>](<pt1,pt2>) \tkzDrawLines[<options>](<pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...>)
  • \tkzDrawSegment[<options>](<pt1,pt2>) \tkzDrawSegments[<options>](<pt1,pt2 pt3,pt4 ...>)
  • \tkzDrawPolygon[<options>](<pt list>)
• Circle
  • \tkzDrawCircle[<options>](<A,B>) \tkzDrawCircles[<options>](<A,B C,D ...>)

• X-X
• Bonds
  • -, =, ~, >, <, >:, <:, <|, >|
  • *N(<formula>)
• Positions
  • [n] multiple of angle-increment [:<ang>] absolute
  • [::<ang>] relative
  • [<ang>, <pathmorphing>, <start atom>, <end atorm>, <tikz code>]
• Nests
  • (<formula>)
  • ?[<name>, <bond>, <tikz>] hooks

• \qty(), \pqty{ }, \bqty{ }, \vqty{ }, \Bqty{ }
• \abs{a}, \norm{a}, \eval{x}_a^b

• \vb{a} \vectorbold{a} \(\mathbf{a}\), \va{a} \vectorarrow{a} \(\vec{a}\), \vu{a} \vectorunit{a} \(\mathbf{\hat{a}}\). * for italic/Greek.
• \vdot, \cross

• \div, \grad, \curl \laplacian
• \dd[N]{x}, \dv[N]{f}{x}, \pdv[N]{f}{x}

• \mqty(<table>), \smqty(<table>), \mdet{<table>}, \smdet{<table>},
• \imat{N}, \zmat{N}{M}, \dmat[<fill>]{<diagonal entries>}, \admat{<diagonal entries>}
• \pmat{n}: n-th Pauli matrix, \(n\in \{0,1,2,3, x, y, z\}\).
• Alternatively, physics2
• boldsymbol with unicode-math, no \qty clash, clean modular code.

• \usephysicsmodule{<module>}

It provides the float wrapper algorithm.

It is an extensible version of the legacy algorithmic package, which defines the tools for writing algorithms and the algorithmic environment.

Separate package that also provides the algorithmic environment in which the algpseudocode style is used.

It has better guideline setting, boxing and multiline support.

Algorithm package with different syntax from algorithmic. It defines the algorithm environment.